Wednesday, March 12, 2014

COLUMBIA CRIED: The Mourning Of George Washington

COLUMBIA CRIED:

The Mourning of George Washington
Seen Through Memoriam Poetry

  
Apotheosis of Washington by Constantino Brumidi in 1865
by Taylor Speer-Sims
December 18, 2013

 Immediately after George Washington’s death, the country went into mourning. Each American approached grief for their leader differently, if they did at all. Artistic testimonies of loyalty were crafted into works of art by the use of poetry. Memento mori, poetry, and reverential death poetry were remembrance symbols many American authors used. Romanticizing the past into poetic works of art created commemorations of George Washington, which could be termed its own type of American social religion.

            Columbia’s Sons may now lament,
            Their spear is broke, their bow unbent,
            Their glory fled;
            Among the dead great Washington lies,
            For ever closed his eyes.[1] [sic]
 - Miss Huntly, Serious Air and Chorus. 1799.

George Washington, aged sixty-seven, died at 10:00 p.m. on December 14, 1799. He did not die alone, his wife of many years stayed by his side, kneeling and bowing her head upon the Bible.[2] Washington’s illness, inflammatory quinsy (severe throat infection) was brief, yet severe enough to bring death within a day.[3] Martha Washington recounted that he made no speech, yet expired “worthy of the Roman fame of his life and character.”[4] Contradictions said that Washington told “those about him, that he had made his will, that all his private affairs were in good order.”[5] No matter who, or how many people were around him at the time that he expired, people from miles around gathered around the portico of Mount Vernon where the body lay in state under a shroud for a short time.[6]
Thousands of people did not hear of Washington’s death for weeks, or even months later. The news traveled slowly in the New Republic, and the exciting news was in the newspapers. For many Americans, they learned of their illustrious leader’s demise through their local paper as a notice, as a poem, or both. Papers copied news from other papers, or created their own from those original sources. So, many of the papers had the exact same, or similar copy. When the papers listed the funeral, they all seemed to have the same information. The parade started around three or four o’clock in the afternoon. There was a specific order, beginning with military men.[7]
                                    Men with arms reverted:
                                                Cavalry
                                                Infantry
                                                Guard
                                                Music
                                                Clergy 

            The Generals horse with his saddle holding pistols and boots backwards.

Colonels                  Colonels.
Simms,                                                                               Gilpin,
Ramsay,               Washington’s Corps               Marsteller
Payne,                                                                                Little

Mourners
Masonic Brethren,
Citizens[8]

The positioning of people within the procession was important, as this was the base used throughout the country for the mock funerals that followed. There was also a precedent for military men having praised and accompanied Washington. Mock funerals were different that the real funeral was in that women dressed in white at the front, representing the sixteen states in the union. Death marches were played throughout the parade, and sometimes through the meetings that followed.[9] Interestingly, the rhythm of Washington’s Dead March and Monody was not sad or serene, but was more of an uplifting tune compared with today’s death sermon music.[10]
The events that followed the parades did not stop with the one piece of music; there were other types of art perfumed as well. Great men gave grand speeches. Henry Lee, who was known as “Light-Horse Harry Lee” because of his excellent equestrian skills discovered when he was assigned under Washington. Lee gave the now famous line that Washington was “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country.”[11] Thomas Paine, the thinker and writer of Common Sense, gave a eulogy with “sighs of contemporary gratitude.”[12] Churches held sermons with prayers where people came from far away. Meeting houses full of people held services where the commemoration of the death of George Washington took place.[13] These public orations denoted a ritual sense of dignitary loss, as well as, according to Gerald E. Kahler, David Waldstreicher, and Simon P. Newman, held political ramifications, and even priorities.[14] Political poetry on the death of America’s Washington also included religious connotations.
Simon P. Newman, Professor of History at the University of Glasgow wrote and taught on Social and Political History of early America and the British Atlantic World. He also wrote many articles and received several grants for the subject. He has taught both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Scotland on American history.[15] Newman’s book, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic’s chapter “The Partisan Politics of Popular Leadership,” was on the idea that Washington held “considerable political power” and that he “occupied a central position in early national political rites and symbols.”[16] He also said that others held partisan contests over the treatment and celebration of Washington as a political figure as both a man and a symbol.[17] At the time of Washington’s death brought the “contest over and within the political culture of Washington to a climax.”[18]
David Waldstreicher agreed that Washington, his effigy, and mourning events held political associations, but he also argued that they also held a collective identity of American ideology and citizenship.[19] Waldstreicher held more of nationalism, “imagined community,” and grand events were transformed into rituals by the local media, which were the newspapers.[20] Waldstreicher’s view arrived while during his research as a historian of early and 19th century America. His interests included Political History, Cultural History, and Print Culture, which were evident in this piece. He has written three other books, and was the Co-Editor of McNeil Center for Early American Studies. He has also written papers and served on boards for the subject of Early American Studies.[21]
Gerald E. Kahler wrote an entire book on the memory of the death of President George Washington. Based upon the doctoral dissertation and published by the University of Virginia Press, the independent scholar has only the one book, but it has become a highly known source very quickly.[22] Kahler’s work “retrieves an unfamiliar and long forgotten story from the annals of the early history of the American Republic… it narrates the prolonged national mourning rituals for George Washington that moved thousands of grieving Americans to tears and dominated American civic life.”[23] Kahler asked what others had not “how extensive was the involvement of the American people in the national mourning, and what emotions or sentiments were they expressing as they participated?”[24] He agreed that several thousand participated in state and local events. Kahler agreed with Newman that there were politics involved. He also agreed that there was nationalism. Fundamentally, he wrote of the many official and local; carefully planned and organized and the spontaneous; verbal, physical, and written; as well as the structured and natural rituals that took place in assemblies, parades, and personal affections of the American people on the death of Washington.
Gary Laderman’s argument in The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes Toward Death, 1799-1883 was “the relation between the reality of death… the material reality of the dead body... and how that reality was represented in the imagination is critical to… cultural history.”[25] Laderman stated that the events, especially the parades and funerals, were as if the body was actually there. This had, according to Laderman, a “symbolic importance and served the social solidarity of the new nation.”[26] This account was similar to the nationalist theme of Waldstreicher, and rituals of religion by Albanese. He also said that Washington was “deified in the collective imagination of the young nation” and that there was symbols that “linked Washington to the mythic themes at work in the republic.”[27] He also said Washington’s death was ”transformed into a heroic event that regenerated and rejuvenated the body politic.”[28] Obviously, the mythic hero of Washington has survived his passing.
Gary Laderman, Professor and Chairperson of the Department of Religion at Emory University wrote at least four books on religion and death. His Ph.D. from California State University, Santa Barbara was on Religious Studies. He has taught U.S. Religious History; Mind, Medicine and Healing; Death and Dying; Theory and Method; Introduction to Religion; Native American Religions; Health and Healing; and American Religious Cultures.[29] His study on the rituals of Washington’s and other contemporary deaths showed Biblical comparisons and religious doctrines of death in literature and art of the period.[30]
Paul Longmore agreed that Washington was a political and deified myth. Longmore said that most authors used eulogies to study Washington’s legend. However, he did not give any authors that used any opposing views, he just reported on the negatives of the authors. Longmore said the authors “ignored the importance in the development of American civil religion of Washington as a providential figure.”[31] He also said that Washington was “divinely designated,” yet “God raised him up, but then he had to rely primarily upon his own physical, mental and spiritual resources.”[32]
Assemblies after mock funerals where hundreds of people attended participated or listened to poetry readings, music, eulogies and prayers. These poems weren’t just left in the assemblies; they were also published in newspapers and in groupings later on called Washingtonianas. Why was there death poetry? Reverend Robertson answered, “Poetry is the natural language of excited feeling; Poetry is the indirect expression of that which cannot be expressed directly.”[33] Robertson helped develop the philosophical tenets of poets with the ideology of the clerical office. Robertson and other clergymen influenced the appeal of poetry to the eighteenth and nineteenth century working classes. Robertson sermonized, “There is an element of poetry in us all.”[34] Therefore, the appeal of poetry was not just for intellectuals, clergy, or the well to do, but men of all classes enjoyed the release of feeling this art form provided.
Robertson confirmed, “Poetry has an elevating influence. It breaks the monotonous flatness of existence by excitement. Its very essence is that it exalts us, and puts us in a higher mood, than that in which we live habitually.”[35] Since the new nation of the United States of America had never seen the death of a leader before, an obvious way to express grief for many would have been through writing. Poems obviously were used to lift the mood of remorse to one of remembrance and glorification. Perhaps this was to forget any fear of the future, or perhaps it was to venerate Washington the man into some sort of worshipful being.
Most of the poetry commemorated Washington as Columbia’s favorite son. But, who was Columbia? Poet Phillis Wheatley, an African American slave in Boston wrote that other nations envied “The generous Spirit that Columbia fires” in her poem entitled “Columbia.” [36] This poem honored Washington on his advancement to the position of Commander in Chief. She was the first person to include Columbia in patriotic stance. It was the first time Columbia was used in poetry and first time of the idea that the lands of Columbia gave birth to her native son, Washington. Thus, Columbia became a female figure of maternal and spirited nature. A great eighteenth century fancy was to Greek and Roman-ize things. So, it could have easily have moved to the idea that America became a Grecian style mother-war goddess whose indomitable spirit lead her children forward into great possibilities.[37] While Wheatley wrote the first poem that connected Columbia with Washington, she was not the last. Newman reported that there were over three hundred poems and eulogies published for Washington, many of which had Columbia and Washington together with religious themes in their verses.
Catherine L. Albanese, professor of Comparative Religions and Research in American Religious History at the University of California, Santa Barbara reported on religion’s rules. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago wrote three books and numerous articles on the study American religion.[38] In her book, America: Religion and Religions, she argued religion could not be truly defined. However, there were two types of religion, ordinary religion and extraordinary religion.  The first was the community religion, and those that lived within boundaries. The latter involved an encounter with otherness, whether natural or supernatural. Albanese said, “Religion is a feature that encompasses all of human life,” whether formal or informal.[39]
Albanese remarked that religion held universals and separates that defined whether or not actions and/or beliefs were actually religion. Even though religion could not be spelled out completely, there were still characterizations involved. One point was that an individual’s body was a boundary. Words passed through lips; speech or prayers were examples of passing through the body boundary. Temporal boundaries was the difference between this world and another, by passing from this life to the next, etc, It also included entering or exiting holy places such as temples or shrines. The main similarity between all boundaries was that they each held some sort of ritual or act, according to Albanese.[40]
According to Edwin Gaustad and Leigh Schmidt in their work The Religious History of America: The heart of the American Story from Colonial Times to Today there were many different, wide-ranging, and diverse shapes of power that religion held in the United States.[41] Gaustad and Schmidt said Americans’ religion was not the same as everyone else’s. Pluralism was the norm. Even with the Puritan theology, Gaustad and Schmidt agreed “God, not humanity, was in charge of the universe, and from that fundamental proposition all other theology must flow.”[42] However, they also pointed out that other religious ideals held with mythology over facts, and vice versa. There was also the controversial morality of one system over another being part of religions. Another argument here was regions held their own religious features peculiar a given region.[43] And, along with that, faith, romantiscm, utopianism, and immigration held sway as well. Gaustad and Schmidt wrote that the Greek Orthodoxy swelled in America long before World War I. Their belief was to give allegiance, not to the Roman papacy like that of the Roman Catholics, but to a national patriarch “who usually resided in the capital city of the nation, was recognized with varying degrees of consistency and fervency, as the true spiritual father.”[44] Could this idea have been around at the time of Washington’s demise? This was most probably true even without the large groups of these church members.
As a professor at the University of California, Riverside, Edwin S. Gaustad, a noted church and religion historian and one of the authors mentioned above, wrote over a dozen other books.[45] Leigh Schmidt studied under Gaustad and has been the Edward C. Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor in the Humanities at Washington University in St. Louis.[46] He was a Professor of History of Religion in America at Harvard and Princeton, where he was also Department of Religion Chair. Schmidt also wrote many books on American religion, of which he won many awards, and has also served as editor and co-editor for other books on religious history.[47]
History and hero worship was a specialty of Thomas Carlyle’s. Carlyle was the most prominent writer on the heroic in history of his day, and arguably today as well. Born in 1795, the Calvinist came to fame when he published Sartor Resartus in the 1830’s. He was a Scotsman in the early and middle Victorian era writing in England. He is still considered an expert on the subject of heroes and their worship. Carlyle’s lectures and notes are still studied in many universities.[48]
Carlyle argued great men made themselves into what they decided they wanted to be and gained what they decided they wanted to gain. He said that history of what man has accomplished was worth less than who that man was that did the deed. Carlyle said “we cannot look, however imperfectly, upon a great man, without gaining something by him. He is the living light fountain, which it is good and pleasant to be near.”[49] There were different areas in which the hero could manifest himself to the world, according to Carlyle. The hero could be as divinity. He could be a hero as a prophet. He could be hero as a poet, priest, man of letters, or poet priest. Or, the hero could be a king as either a monarch or modern revolutionary leader.[50] Arguably, Washington as a hero was a combination of these divisions listed by Carlyle.
While many of these authors used eulogies, and possibly poetry as primary sources for their research, this paper focused on the memento mori poetry to create an image of the possibility of a Washington based social religion in America. There were differences and similarities in the poems, but also in what historians agreed upon. All Americans did not share the same context of religion and Washington’s position therein. However, there was enough poetical evidence printed in the contemporary newspapers which gave convincing evidence that there was a Washingtonian social religion in the U.S. at the time of the President’s death. Many poems were too long to include, yet could have categorized in one, or many arguments within this paper. One such was Richard Alsop’s poem, “A Poem: Sacred to the Memory of George Washington, Late President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States…” (The title alone continued on and on, and the poem itself was twenty-eight pages long.)[51] Thus, this paper focused on several poems published in contemporary newspapers that showed relationship of American Civil Religion and the death of George Washington.

Columbia’s fair daughters forever shall mourn,
While Genius stands weeping at Washington’s urn;
Let hope still support you, fair daughter’s arise,
In faith that your Washington’s soar’d to the skies,
Where still as your guardian he’ll ever preside,
To virtue and goodness the pole star and guide.[52]
-         Anonymous, Lines for a Miss, to Work Under an Urn of Washington. 1800.

The lines above were obviously written with the listener being a woman or girl with the idea that her guardian rose to meet with God, and possible guardian angel. What does the urn signify? Perhaps the urn was the neo-classical fixture that commemorated the remains of the great man? This could not be the body itself because it was safely buried at Mount Vernon. The main point was that Washington was not gone forever, but in the Heavens as a guide forever.
Heavens welcomed Washington as the father, friend of man, and Godlike, according to the Gentlemen at most of the houses in Somerset, Pennsylvania. This idea resembles the one above in that the general vision of father was the protector of the family. The “friend of man,” and “Godlike” could be arguably a Christ figure in the view of the poem.

Awake, ye slumb’ring friends from sleep,
And join the melancholy song;
Awake, and with your country weep,
Its friend, great WASHINGTON is gone!
Mourn hapless Brethren, deeply mourn;
Your fource of ev’ry joy is fled;
Our father dear – The friend of man,
The God like WASHINGTON is
DEAD!!![53]
- Gentlemen at Most of the Houses in Somerset, Pennsylvania, Poetry. 1800.

The poem below shows a different view of Washington. Here, the author(s) compare Washington with great classical men whose fame will last so that future historians will remember and write about him. The poem mentioned that Washington’s orb of bright light was splendorous. The brightly glowing orb could be a reference to the rising soul, such as a halo as seen around the heads of holy people in religious paintings.[54] The author represented America like the infant son, Christ, and Washington’s “Godlike actions” cheered Christ as well as Columbia. Thus, this represented Washington as God’s, and god’s child doing work that pleased Heaven.[55] Because the Ancient and Honorable Company of Artillery was a military organization, they would have wanted to venerate the man that made American military history.

            Of Caesar’s Alexander’s fame,
In gorgeous style historians write;
But Washington’s illustrious name,
Reflects a clearer, steadier light: -
Whose orb refulgent, while it blaz’d,
Caught splendor from the clouds it raised.

Great, noble, gen’rous, good and brave; -
In war – in peace – he shone the same; -
His deeds shall live through every age,
And those unborn his praise proclaim.
Time shall his glorious acts enroll,
While Godlike actions charm the soul.

He cheer’d Columbia’s darkest hour –
He made her infant name rever’d: -
Confirm’d her laws, and fix’d her power,
By Foes admir’d, by Faction fear’d.
Then thus shall sigh each patriot son,
Peace to the SHADE of WASHINGTON. [sic][56]
Anonymous, The Fount. Commemorative Ode. In Honor of Washington; - Performed on the Anniversary Choice of Officers of the Ancient and Honorable Company of Artillery. 1800.

Another poem that remembered the military and armies governed by the First President of the United States featured offerings. This poem lifted Washington up as the Greeks and Romans did their warriors. The ancients left offerings for their fallen men, and this represented the same. Considered idolatry by or iconoclasm depending on the Christian. It could also be a type of anthropolatry, lordolatry, necrolatry, or archaeolatry.[57]

Let no obtrusive, no unhallowed eye
On which the rays of nature dimly beam,
Let no cold mind fashion’d by common themes,
No breath, that glows not with a patriot’s zeal,
Presume to violate the peaceful verse,
The pious offering to a Hero’s shade.[58]
- American, To the Memory of George Washington, General of the Armies, and First President of the United States of America. 1800.

 The next poem was written to be the eight stanzas to the “well known Ode.” Unfortunately, the exact Ode has been lost to time, and so therefore cannot be named. This poem painted a portrait that made Washington a type of savior that entered “Freedom’s temple,” which had been invaded by war, possibly warriors. In this portrait, Washington was so great that he came from the sunlight in the Heavens. In this poem, he was more like a god coming through an opening in Heaven and created a shade by intercepting the sun as he descended to earth. As a type of godlike man, he created a whirlwind and “vanquished the thunder” with his sword, almost as an antithesis of Thor.

See the fierce storm of war Freedom’s temple invade.
While a light breaks from heaven thro’ clouds rent asunder,
On Glory’s bright furlough, ‘tis WASHINGTON’s shade,
Descends through the whirlwind to vanquish the thunder!
His sword from the sleep,
Of its seaboard doth leap,
And conducts with its point, every flash to the deep.[59]
- Anonymous, Poetry. Adams and Liberty. 1800.

The following poem entitled “Original Poetry” brought the urn back into view, yet, had a twist to the thesis point that was different than any of the other poems. Here, the author had Washington surrounded by unholy men. Did this mean that Washington, too, was unholy? Or, could it have meant the holy man left Earth only to leave those unworthy behind? Numerous Christians would have easily understood this concept. Was Washington only a man? The author did not include any word of Heaven, God, or an afterlife. There was just an urn left, which reflected the ideology of science instead of mysticism.

Methinks I hear one vast united cry
In tones of piercing anguish rent the sky
Friendship in silent sorrow friendship meets,
And melancholy seems to walk the streets,
The smiling infant and the hoary head
Proclaim aloud that WASHINGTON is
Dead!

Vernon, when fancy to the shades retires,
What solemn thought the patriot mind inspires!
Yon trees, which now the sighing zephyrs fan,
Wav’d o’er the head of this ILLUSTRIOUS MAN;
 When, deep embosom’d in the shady wood,
He thought and ponder’d for his country’s good;
Or let the heart-felt tear of pity flow,
In pensive silence, for his country’s woe:
Your lofty branches now in sorrow wave,
And from unhallow’d footsteps guard his grave.
With pious prayers we strove awhile t’ avert
This fatal arrow from Columbia’s heart---
We look for WASHINGTON, and find his---
URN.[60]
- Anonymous, Original Poetry, On the Death of Washington. 1800.
Nature was not empty and so naturalists, romantics, and utopians loved the idea of including the outdoors in their art. They all came together in the poem “On the Death of Gen. George Washington.” Sacred shrines were introduced possibly a Jewish altar, or pedestal of any other religion. Americans believed that God protected the United States. Burning incense in the poem also had religious connections. Incense masked smells during funeral rights. It has also been used in religious ceremonies for centuries. Even Herodotus mentioned incense being offered on the altar “every year, at the festival of the God.”[61]

COLUMBIA! Columbia! Thou beauteous clime!
By heaven protected and nourish’d thro’ time;
Still bless’d with mild peace, whilst nations afar
Are feasting on carnage, and crowding to war.
Here wisdom, and goodness, and virtue expand,
And knowledge diffuses its light o’er the land:
Whose flame unextinguish’d thro’ ages shall shine,
Whilst freedom, blest freedom, Columbia, is thine!

A plant from the gardens of Rome and of Greece,
To thee was entrusted to nourish in peace;
By the care of our fires its branches spread o’er,
And boldly defended, overshaded our shore.
But soon the mad tyrant his legions sent o’er,
His laws to enforce on our once happy shore:
Our patriots arose, their standards unfrl’d---
Proclaim’d Independence to this western world.

‘Twas early in battle great Warren was slain;
Montgomery and Mercer, each bled on the plain!
Each feal’d with his blood this immortal decree
“Columbia shall perish, or ever be free.”
How oft when the flame of fierce battle was spread,
Columbia has mourn’d o’er the mountains of dead;
Has mourned the loss of some fav’rite chief,
While despots and tyrants triumph’d in her grief.

She now for her WASHINGTON makes her sad moan,
Who to the armies of Heaven has gone,
To join the grand triumph on that happy shore,
Where trouble expires, and danger’s no more.
See the deep mourning, hear the loud sighs,
Which from our nation united arise;
All joy has expir’d, all transport has fled---
All nature is mourning--- a WASHINGTON dead!

See sacred altars with black shrouded o’er---
See the rich laurel now dropp round our shore---
The eagle in silence sits hov’ring his urn,
And incense on altars of gratitude burn.
In war or in peace our hearts he could sway,
But utter his will and the nation obey;
His name was sufficient our foes to disarm—
His look was sufficient to bush each alarm.

In vain we may search all the universe round,
The like of our WASHINGTON cannot be found:
Stars still appear when the moon hides her head,
But who can be placed in WASHINGTON’S stead
Let the glory of Caesar and Brutus decay,
The fame of a Hampden and Tell fade away:
As firm as creation stands WASHINGTON’S fame,
And age after age will his glory proclaim.

Come forward ye soldiers who fought by his side---
Come heroes who’ve conquer’d where heroes have dy’d---
Come tell to your children the deeds he has done;
As a patriot and hero how greatly he shone.
United we’ll go to the tomb of our chief;
And chaunt songs of praise to WASHINGTON’S name, [sic]
Who led us in triumph to freedom and fame.[62]
- Anonymous, On the Death of Gen. George Washington. 1800.
Washington’s fame was not just because he was a war hero, but also because he was a true Republican. He gave the crown back when it was offered to him. He believed in independence, and Americans loved him for it. His quitting the position of general was “by all his countrymen credited as originating in the purest sentiments of truth and conscious fairness of intention.”[63] Spelling out “The Real Republican,” created a poem whose meaning was obvious to every reader.
T rue human dignity adorns his soul -
H onor’s bright satellites around him roll
E nvy alive – but lives at his controul.

R eason directs his all important aim -
E mbellishes his principles and fame;
A man, to every human good allied,
L iberty his object! Truth his guide.

R eligion deep imprinted on his mind,
E nrob’d in virtues of a Christian kind,
P ro beno publico, holds its abode,
U unfolding there the image of his God;
B eneficent in heart – in Virtue’s sphere
L oyal, disinterested, warm, sincere;
I n human rights, a human RIGHT requires,
C alms party tumults – quenches FACTION’S fires
A ctive for useful ends – pursues one plan,
N e’er to degrade the CHARACTER of MAN.[64]

- Anonymous, An Acrostic. 1800.

Another poem placed nature along side the Christ-like idea of having the Earth and Heavens stop because of Washington’s death. Jesus said “I will make rivers flow,” and God turned “rivers into a desert.”[65] The nations could mean the other nations in Europe, and tribes the Indians near by. More likely, it held Biblical references to the neighboring tribes of in Genesis where Ishmael’s descendants “lived in hostility toward all the tribes related to them.”[66] So, the author told America’s enemies, that a godly figure had passed and to stop and pay reverence to him.
Mourn! Mourn, Columbia, mourn your Chief!
Ah! Mourn forevermore!
Tell to the world thy tale of grief –
They WASHINGTON’s NO MORE!
Our Father and Protector’s dead!
The Statesman is no more!
A deadly gloom is round us spread,
And darkness veils our shore!

Ye stars, withdraw your feeble rays;
Ye rivers, cease to flow!
Ye bards, who often sung his praise,
Now join the song of woe!

Ye nations, drop a friendly tear,
And mourn Columbia’s Chief!
Ye neighb’ring tribes, with hearts sincere,
Partake our load of grief!

He’s gone! He’s gone! To realms above –
To realms of pleasure, peace, and love![67]

- Anonymous, Poetry. From the New-Jersey Journal. On the Death of General George Washington. 1800.

The obvious commonalities were grief, love and reverence. Washington’s name was capitalized in its entirety, not just the first letter. God was only capitalized with the first letter. A conclusive thought could be that Washington was more revered than God. However, the themes made him seam more like he was a gift from God, godlike, demigod, a mythical god, a classical hero.[68] Unlike the Washingtonianas, most of the poetry was written anonymously, or by the general public (or newspapermen?). This was substantial to the idea that there was religious influence within the poems, so therefore there had to be some sort of religious thoughts by the authors to generate those words.
Words of politics were not the general theme of any of the memento mori poems. When there were words that held political thoughts, they did not include anything obvious that would encourage the reader to participate in one party or another, with the excption of the words in “An Acrostic.” Gerald E. Kahler, David Waldstreicher, and Simon P. Newman all said that there were political ramifications of whether Washington’s death was used to promote ideals of politicians. Each and every poem did include how wonderful Washington was as a man and warrior. His deeds were even sanctioned by God. So, with that thought, then following what the politicians said were Washington’s ideals, then Americans would have been following God’s word.
Death poetry promoted ideal deeds, which were grandiosely praised. They were nationalistic, as Waldstreicher suggested, and the newspapers certainly turned these poems into a type of American ideology that transformed the writing death poetry into rituals that many newspapers, and Americans followed. Men sang the poems, such as the Gentlemen at most of the houses in Somerset, Pennsylvania did. The “famous Ode” was to have an additional stanza in the “Poetry Adams and Liberty.”[69] This showed the continuation of the nationalistic ritual of commemorative death poetry, just as Waldstreicher insisted. The death poetry also proved Newman correct with his point that of Washington holding considerable political power. Was the poetry climactical? They might have held position in their community, but this has not been shown within the words at this time.
Kahler’s argument was right on track. However, the poems did not answer his question on how many people participated. Poems included spontaneity of people dropping what they were doing to mourn Washington as mentioned by the gentlemen.[70] The American noted organized manners in the poem with his pious offerings.[71] Kahler’s argument of nature and rituals were also within the death poetry. The poetry itself was one such ritual. One ritual within the poems was the “Chaunting [the] songs of praise to Washington’s name”[72] Were the poems long forgotten? This author believes they were, but even Kahler didn’t use them to their best advantage.
Religious and cultural history was seen through the poems used, which definitely coincided with Laderman’s argument. Reality represented through the imagination of each author had its own truth. The manifestation of Washington as a mythical god (Thor) could not have happened in the real world. Washington could not have turned into an illuminating orb. Rivers did not stop running just because a man died. Washington was a man, but the reverence given to him through poetry made him more than just flesh and blood. This was just as Longmore said that American writers did, and Robertson said poetry does because of excited feeling needing to be expressed.
 Carlyle expressed the idea that heroes could be many different types of men, and could be worshipped as each type. He said that the man created himself, which is what Longmore said of Washington. Death poetry showed Washington as a hero-king in “The Fount” as he was better than Caesar and Alexander.[73] Washington was the hero-statesmen, but “the statesman is no more!”[74] The hero as divinity was he coming down in the whirlwind and stopping thunder.[75]
While there were some historians that have said that Americans did not have a civil religion based around George Washington, the opposite can be argued successfully by comparing memento mori poetry with Albanese’s guidelines for how she defined Religion. The body boundary was the sighs of “each patriot son.”[76] The temporal border was the burial of the body, the representative urn, and the orb. The events after the mock funerals held music, eulogies and poetry, which were the necessary rituals. The community religion of Washington memorials was the fact that not everyone participated, but thousands did. The extraordinary religion included  “in faith… your Washington soar’d to the skies.”[77]
Gaustad and Schmidt’s impression of theology said not everyone’s religion was the same. Their point that God was in charge of the universe was also seen in the acrostic poem “An Acrostic.” Worshipping a patriarch in the capital city by varying degrees was another Gaustad and Schmidt point. This, too, certainly fit in with the different levels within the poems. Religions were different and they held different beliefs and rituals. Gaustad and Schmidt’s features were content of the memento mori poetry.
There has been no sign within these particular poems of traditional domestic religion using George Washington as a deity, demigod, or hero. There were some with that indication that were too large to include in this study. However, even if those works were included in this study, the fact remains that American religions, worship practices, ideologies, and beliefs were never the same. The face of superstition to one person has been doctrine to another. Spirituality observance has been communal, but it has also been personal. Therefore, the typical idea of what was known as a religion before, during, or after that time cannot negate the worshipfulness of an American social religion based upon the death of George Washington.
Americans mourned death of President George Washington in different ways. One of the most visual and audio arts was the memoriam poem. People remembered Washington as a man, but romanticized him into more than just a human being. He became what the author wanted. There were political propositioning within words and strains. Washington was a hero-king, a hero-statesman, and hero-divine. After studying George Washington’s memento mori poetry, this author has deduced that Americans had their own social religion based upon the characteristics given by Albanese , Gaustad and Schmidt and their determined criteria of what made religion a religion. 


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[1] Miss Huntly, “Serious Air and Chorus,” in New-Jersey Journal, (1799) in Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:107661F0956FDE88@GBNEWS-10766B2894AA19A0@2378496-10766B28D2E67C58@1-10766B29EA647A60@/?search_terms=parade%7CWashington&s_dlid=DL0113121900322329768&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

[2] Margaret C. Conckling. Ed., Memoirs of the Mother and Wife of Washington. Auburn:
Derby, Miller & Co., 1850. Kindle Edition.

[3] Herbert Mitgang, “Death of a President: A 200-Year-Old Malpractice Debate,” The New York Times. (December December 14, 1999) http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/14/health/death-of-a-president-a-200-year-old-malpractice-debate.html (accessed December 18, 2013)

[4] Conckling.

[5] “The Illustrious General George Washington, Commander in Chief of the Armies, and Late President, of the United States of America, Died, mture in Years – Covered with Glory, and Rich in the Affections of the American People,” “Mortuary Notice,” Genius of Liberty: Morristown, NJ, Volume 2, Issue, 84, Page 2. (1799) in Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:11AA35598C5B25A0@GBNEWS-141FBA3592638500@2378491-141EFA5E808BA9E8@1-1423B605166C9315@No%20Headline/?search_terms=Washington%7CGeorge&s_dlid=DL0113122004490215708&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

[6] “Burial of General Washington,” New Jersey State Gazette, Volume 1, Issue 44 (1799) in Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:125D7D3503633318@GBNEWS-12729DC15A414C58@2378496-12729DC18C1333A8@1-12729DC20A666E08@Burial%20of%20General%20Washington%20George%20Town,%20December%2020/?search_terms=burial%7CWashington%7CGeorge&s_dlid=DL0113122005010421980&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

[7] “Funeral of George Washington,” South-Carolina Gazette, (1800), in Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:106AD2E50DD48700@GBNEWS-106EA73CA714C628@2378504-106EA73CF88DF7C6@1-106EA73E71B85CAA@Funeral%20of%20George%20Washington.%20George%20Town,%20Dec.%2020/?search_terms=funeral%7CWashington%7CGeorge&s_dlid=DL0113122005083425670&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013_)

[8] Ibid.

[9] Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812. (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 32.

[10] Carr, Benjamin. “Dead March and Monody” Sheet Music. 1799. Lutheran Church of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia. in Jscholarship. https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/3095 (accessed December 18, 2013)

[11] Henry Lee,  A Funeral Oration on the Death of George Washington: Late President &
Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States of America. London: Button, Patternoster Row, et al., 1800.

[12] Thomas Paine, An Eulogy on the Life of General George Washington. Newburyport:
Edmund M. Blunt, 1800. in “Lot #343: Thomas Paine’s George Washington Eulogy”, 2012. Raynor’s Historical Collectible Auctions. 2012. http://www.hcaauctions.com/lot-30495.aspx (accessed October 16, 2013)

[13] Ulrich.

[14] Gerald E. Kahler,  The Long Farewell: Americans Mourn the Death of George Washington.
(Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2008); David Waldstreicher,  In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776-1820. (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996); David Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early
American Republic. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997)

[15] “Prof Simon Newman,” “School of Humanities/Sgoil nan Daonnachdan,” University of Glasgow, n.d. http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/staff/simonnewman/ (accessed December 18, 2013)

[16] Newman, 44.

This chapter is specifically on Washington.

[17] Ibid.

[18] Ibid, 68.

[19] Waldstreicher, 9.

[20] Ibid, 10.

[21] “David Waldstreicher,” “Department of History: People,” College of Liberal Arts, Temple University. N.d. http://www.temple.edu/history/waldstreicher/index.html (accessed December 18, 2013)

[22] Kahler, Prologue, Inside back cover jacket.

[23] Ibid, 10.

[24] Ibid, 14.

[25] Gary Laderman, The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes Toward Death, 1799-1883. (Preview) (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1996) http://books.google.com/books?id=1nsn4u05
CsEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Gary+Laderman,+The+Sacred+remains:+American+Attitudes+Toward+Death,+1799-1883+Yale,+1996&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-Y5lUsytLI6I9ASQ64DYDw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gary%20Laderman%2C%20The%20Sacred%20remains%3A%20American%20Attitudes%20Toward%20Death%2C%201799-1883%20Yale%2C%201996&f=false (accessed October 21, 2013)

[26] Ibid.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Ibid.

[29] “Faculty: Gary M. Laderman,” Department of Religion: Emory University. N.d. http://religion.emory.edu/faculty/laderman.html (accessed December 18, 2013)

[30] Laderman.

[31] Paul K. Longmore, “The Enigma of George Washington: How did the Man Become the Myth? George Washington: A Biography by John R. Alden: Cincinnatus: George Washington and the Enlightenment by Garry Wills,” Reviews in American History (1985) in JSTOR (2013) (accessed December 18, 2013)
[32] Ibid.

Paul Longmore was a historian and advocate for the disabled. Holding a pen in his mouth and punching the keyboard with it wrote his first book, The Invention of George Washington. The Longmore Amendment was named after him and it was an increase in the amount of money that a person with a disability can make and still receive benefits. He was a very distinguested faculty member at San Francisco State University and challenged the belief of assisted suicide. He died at the age of sixty-four in 2010. Joseph Shapiro, “Paul Longmore, Historian and Advocate for the Disabled, Dies,” Shots, Health News from NPR. (2010) http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2010/08/11/129127432/paul-longmore-historian-and-advocate-for-disabled-dies (accessed December 18, 2013)

[33] Robertson, “The Nature of Poetry,” The Crayon, (1860) in JSTOR. (2013) http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/stable/pdfplus/25528012.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true (accessed December 18, 2013)

[34] Ibid.

[35]  “The Nature of Poetry,”

[36] “The Name ‘Columbia.’,” “Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. II – Second Series. 1885-1886” (1886) Committee Publication. In Google Books. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=BaxpalYegj0C&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PR5 (accessed November 18, 2013); Phillis Wheatley, ”Columbia” in “Liberty and Peace” as quoted in Sondra A. O’Neale,  “Phillis Wheatley: 1753-1784”, Poetry Foundation. (2013), http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/phillis-wheatley (accessed November 18, 2013)

[37] Author’s speculation based upon history of “Columbia” with many poems leading to ideals of Manifest destiny of American’s special virtues, re-make the west in their own Anglo image, and the irrefutable destiny to accomplish and pursue that way of life. See. Painting by John Gast called “American Progress.” http://picturinghistory.gc.cuny.edu/item.php?item_id=180

[38] “Catherine L. Albanese,” Department of Religious Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara. (2013) http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/?page_id=1047 (accessed December 18, 2013)

[39] Catherine L. Albanese,  America: Religions and Religion, 3rd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999), 2.

[40] Ibid, 2-6.

[41] Edwin Gaustad, and Leigh Schmidt. The Religious History of America: The heart of the
American Story from Colonial Times to Today. (New York: Harper Collins, 2002.)

[42] Ibid, 54.

[43] Ibid, 177.

[44] Ibid, 286.

[45] “Edwin S. Gaustad, Biography”, Harper Collins Publishers. (2013) http://www.harpercollins.com/author/index.aspx?authorID=3510 (accessed December 18, 2013)

[46] Gaustad, ix-x.

[47] “Leigh E. Schmidt,” “John C. Danforth Center on Religion and Politics,” Washington University in St. Louis, (2013) http://rap.wustl.edu/bio/leigh-e-schmidt/ (accessed December 18, 2013)

[48] “Thomas Carlyle Biography,” Bio. True Story. (2013) http://www.biography.com/people/thomas-carlyle-9238527 (accessed December 18, 2013)

[49] Thomas Carlyle,  “Lectures on Heroes.” On Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in
History. N.d. Kindle Edition.

[50] Ibid.

[51] “A Poem: Sacred to the Memory of George Washington, Late President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States, Richard Alsop Author,” Amazon Prime. (2010) http://www.amazon.com/sacred-Washington-president-commander-States/dp/1140919806/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1387538292&sr=8-1&keywords=A+Poem%3B+Sacred+to+the+Memory+of+George+Washington%2C+Late+President+of+the+United+States%2C+and+Commander+in+Chief+of+the+Armies+of+the+United+States. (accessed December 18, 2013)

[52] “Lines for a Miss, to Work Under an Urn of Washington,” New Hapshire Gazette, (1800) in Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:103709D225B248A8@GBNEWS-10420470371D30DB@2378692-10420470E78C970D@3-1042047234099AD1@/?search_terms=Washington&s_dlid=DL0113121821394703218&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

[53] Gentlemen at Most of the Houses in Somerset, Pennsylvania, “Poetry,” Maryland Herald (1800) Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:109E3E65C279D5B8@GBNEWS-10B31206934F7370@2378512-10B3120708F57118@3-10B31207CC817E08@/?search_terms=Washington&s_dlid=DL0113121821173623985&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

[54] One example, amongst many that show holy light and halos are in the painting, Last Supper, by Tintoretto, (1594) Oil on canvas, San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice. as seen in Kleiner, Fred S.  Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, 13th ed., Vol. 2. (Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010), 615.

[55] “God” with lower case “g” represented the neo-classic representation of America as the Grecian-ized goddess.

[56] “The Fount. Commemorative Ode. In Honor of Washington; - Performed on the Anniversary Choice of Officers of the Ancient and Honorable Company of Artillery,” Columbia Centinel, (1800) in Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:1044E8FD0EBBC638@GBNEWS-10644D4B06D2BDAE@2378651-10644D4BA1D48336@3-10644D4DD0616508@/?search_terms=Washington&s_dlid=DL0113121821172923940&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no&s_dlid=DL0113122021555722243&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

                Notice the similarity in line eight to Lee’s famous line cited at footnote 11. The Ancient and Honorable Company of Artillery was, and still is, a military company that began around the year 1638 “to train young gentleman officers for service in the various militias.” (note at end of footnote) It began as militia, and then became an artillery unit. It is now several state service organizations that participates in pomp and pageantry for events. BG Emery A. Maddocks, Jr. quoted in “About,” Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, (2013).  http://www.ahac.us.com/about.htm (accessed December 18, 2013)

[57] Worship of man, worship of nobles, worship of the dead, worship of archaic things or old customs, in that order.

[58] American, “To the Memory of George Washington, General of the Armies, and First President of the United States of America,” Salem Gazette, (1800) Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:1080E7A4DF561C28@GBNEWS-1084F5E44DE89BA0@2378555-1084F5E4C9F7AE78@3-1084F5E5DB8D8EF0@/?search_terms=temple%7CWashington&s_dlid=DL0113121900382100319&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no&s_dlid=DL0113122023195911327&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

[59] “Poetry.Adams and Liberty.” Newburyport Herald, (1800) Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:105F9E7C765DFFD0@GBNEWS-1077B739F950F558@2378828-1077B73A6D3BC1F8@3-1077B73B686AF838@/?search_terms=Poetry%7CAdams%7CLiberty%7CWashington&s_dlid=DL0113122104494622217&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 20, 2013)

[60] “Original Poetry, On the Death of Washington,” Providence Journal, and Town and Country Advertiser, (1800) in Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:10CF52C773D23470@GBNEWS-10EF6FE045053B88@2378497-10EF6FE10AB6B4D0@3-10EF6FE2AE4ED7D8@/?search_terms=Washington&s_dlid=DL0113121821261128794&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

[61] Herodotus, The History of Herodotus, George Rawlinson, ed. (440 BC) in Fordham University. (2013) http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/aristotle-nico-eth.txt (accessed December 20, 2013)
[62] “On the Death of Gen. George Washington,” Weekly Museum, (1800), Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:10DBE6518A0CEBF8@GBNEWS-10DBE63161644F30@2378577-10DBE6319D946EF8@1-10DBE6323A9C3620@/?search_terms=Washington&s_dlid=DL0113121821100919943&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no&s_dlid=DL0113122100094306040&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

                Major General Joseph Warren was killed  at the Battle of Bunker Hill and was the man that encouraged men of lower rank to hold their ground against larger forces; Major General Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland and graduated from Trinity College in Dublin. He joined the 17th Regiment of Foot soldiers under General James Wolfe. He was stationed in New York at the end of the French and Indian War. Montgomery was considered the first of the Revolutionary War hero’s to many people. He was the one in charge of the failed attack on Quebec, yet his death there was felt strongly by everyone in the Second Continental Congress; Brigadier General Hugh Mercer served as an assistant surgeon under Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1745. He moved to America after joining Britain’s army, and became an apothecary. He died of seven bayonet wounds at the Battle of Princeton. History.com (2013) (accessed December 20, 2013)

[63] “The following is the Whole of the New Arrangement,” New-Jersey Gazette, (1784) Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:109C9ECA40971B98@GBNEWS-10A23E059C626F08@2372749-10A23E05C02A2128@1-10A23E0654922CA0@The%20following%20is%20the%20Whole%20of%20the%20New%20Arrangement/?search_terms=refused%7Ccrown%7CWashington&s_dlid=DL0113122107105025870&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 20, 2013)

[64] “An Acrostic,” in “Genius of Science,” Genius of Liberty, (1800) in Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:11AA35598C5B25A0@GBNEWS-141FBA4A41D60050@2378722-141EFA5EF7917E90@3-14242AE460DA9EB2@No%20Headline/?search_terms=god%7CWashington&s_dlid=DL0113122104294711545&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 20, 2013)

[65] Isaiah 41:18; Psalm 107:33, (New International Version Bible, 2011)

[66] Genesis 25:18. in Ibid.

[67] “Poetry. From the New-Jersey Journal. On the Death of General George Washington.” Providence Gazette, (1800), Genealogybank. http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:10380B58EB4A4298@GBNEWS-1056B475ED7049BD@2378500-1056B47665FA19C6@3-1056B477226F3DF8@/?search_terms=Washington&s_dlid=DL0113121822490108708&s_ecproduct=SUB-Y-6995-R.IO-30&s_ecprodtype=RENEW-A-I&s_trackval=&s_siteloc=&s_referrer=&s_subterm=Subscription%20until%3A%2001%2F17%2F2014&s_docsbal=%20&s_subexpires=01%2F17%2F2014&s_docstart=&s_docsleft=&s_docsread=&s_username=taylorspeersims@yahoo.com&s_accountid=AC0113121820281521035&s_upgradeable=no (accessed December 18, 2013)

[68] Demigod is half human, half god.
[69] “Poetry Adams and Liberty.”

[70] Gentlemen.

[71] American.

[72] “On the Death of Gen. George Washington.” The word Chaunting is spelled exactly as it was in the paper, and obviously meant chanting.

[73] “The Fount”

[74] “Poetry. From the New-Jersey Journal.”

[75]“Poetry.Adams and Liberty.”

[76] “The Fount”

[77] “Lines for a Miss.”





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Painting Credit:
http://readingworkbook.blogspot.com/2010/01/museum-better-known-as-us-capitol-from.html

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